Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K3

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K3 Description

Bitumen Emulsion K3 cationic bitumen emulsion (medium setting) road emulsion that contains 57% bitumen, is black in color and is manufactured strictly as per KS 02-769: 1990 standard.
Bitumen Emulsion K3 is cold applied, liquid bitumen emulsions, used in the construction and repair of pavements, driveways, roads, and highways.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K3 Applications

Bituminous-aggregate mixtures
For pavement bases and surfaces:

• Plant mix (cold): with open-graded aggregate

Mixed-in-place:

• Open-graded aggregate

Bituminous applications

• Crack Filler

Maintenance mix

• Immediate use

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Application Conditions of Cationic Emulsion Bitumen K3

Bitumen Emulsion K3 must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.

Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with a hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads.
Spray evenly to avoid ponding in hollows as this may cause localized “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

Preparation

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

Bitumen Emulsion K-3 Packing

Bitumen Emulsion K3 is available in

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K3 Specifications

No	Property	Result
1	Particle charge	Pos.
2	Residue on 710 um KS sieve (%)(m/m), maximum	0.05
3	Residue on 150 um KS sieve (g per 100 mL), maximum	0.15
4	Binder content (%)(m/m), minimum	57
5	Viscosity (degrees Engler (°E) at 20°C	10 max
6	Viscosity redwood No. II (s at 85°C)	–
7	Storage stability (long period test) % water content difference, maximum	2

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K2

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K2 Definition

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K2 cationic bitumen emulsion (medium setting) road emulsion that contains 57% bitumen, is black in color and is manufactured strictly as per KS 02-769: 1990 standard.
Bitumen Emulsion K2 is cold applied, liquid bitumen emulsions, used in the construction and repair of pavements, driveways, roads, and highways.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K2 Applications

Bituminous-aggregate mixtures
For pavement bases and surfaces:

• Plant mix (cold): with open-graded aggregate

Mixed-in-place:

• Open-graded aggregate

Bituminous applications

• Crack Filler

Maintenance mix

• Immediate use

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Application Conditions of Cationic Emulsion Bitumen K2

Bitumen Emulsion K2 must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.

Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with a hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads.
Spray evenly to avoid ponding in hollows as this may cause localized “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

Preparation

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

K2 Packing

Bitumen Emulsion K2 is available in

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K2 Specifications

No	Property	Result
1	Particle charge	Pos.
2	Residue on 710 um KS sieve (%)(m/m), maximum	0.05
3	Residue on 150 um KS sieve (g per 100 mL), maximum	0.15
4	Binder content (%)(m/m), minimum	57
5	Viscosity (degrees Engler (°E) at 20°C	10 max
6	Viscosity redwood No. II (s at 85°C)	–
7	Storage stability (long period test) % water content difference, maximum	2

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-70

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 Description

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 containing a minimum of 67% bitumen, is commonly used for Tack-Coating. It is a medium viscosity cationic rapid-set bitumen emulsion used mainly for tack coating in normal overlay and patching work. Bitumen K1- 70 bitumen emulsion can also be used in the grouting. bitumen Emulsion K1-70 cationic bitumen emulsion is made according to KS 02-769: 1990 standard.

Bitumen Emulsion is made up of three basic ingredients which include Bitumen, an emulsifying agent, and water. 

bitumen Emulsion is made up of three basic ingredients which include Bitumen, an emulsifying agent, and water. Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 containing a minimum of 67% Bitumen, is commonly used for Tack-Coating. It is a medium viscosity emulsion used mainly for tack coating in normal overlay and patching work. Tack Coat K1- 60 bitumen emulsion can also be used in the grouting. Tack coat K1-70 is made according to Malaysian Standard, MS 1.61 (1994).

K1-70 Applications

Treatments and seals:

• Single surface treatment
• Multiple surface treatment
• Sand seal

Penetration macadam

• Small voids

* K1-70 may be used as a tack coat in special cases where night construction or high humidity exists.

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Emulsion Bitumen K1-70 cationic bitumen emulsion can be used at the ambient temperature at the spray rate of 0.25 to 0.70 liter per square meter (0.05 to 0.15 gallon per square yard)

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 Packing

Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 is available in:

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-70 Specification

No	Property	Result
1	Particle charge	Pos.
2	Residue on 710 um KS sieve (%)(m/m), maximum	—
3	Residue on 150 um KS sieve (g per 100 mL), maximum	—
4	Binder content (%)(m/m), minimum	67
5	Viscosity (degrees Engler (°E) at 20°C	—
6	Viscosity redwood No. II (s at 85°C)	25-35
7	Storage stability (long period test) % water content difference, maximum	—

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 Description

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 is cold applied, liquid bitumen emulsions, used in the construction and repair of pavements, driveways, roads, and highways. In accordance with these standards, This product is denoted by the prefix ‘K’ signifying a cationic emulsion. The ‘1’ signifies a rapid breaking type of emulsion, while the number to the right of the hyphen indicates the bitumen content. Therefore K1-60 denotes rapid break, cationic emulsion with 57% normal bitumen content.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion is an emulsified asphalt containing a minimum of 57 % bitumen. It is a medium viscosity emulsion. Emulsion K1-60 bitumen emulsion can also be used in the grouting. K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion is made according to KS 02-769: 1990 standard.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 Applications

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 is primarily used as a tack coat, to provide a bond between the existing surface
and overlays e.g hot rolled asphalt, macadam and slurry seals, or between courses in road construction.

It serves two purposes in this instance:-
1. Minimizing the risk of spillage between the two courses.
2. Ensuring that during the laying of the new overlay, pushing and sliding are reduced, resulting in improved compaction.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60, because of its higher bitumen content, is generally used for surface dressing, patching, retread, and other similar applications.

Treatments and seals:

• Single surface treatment
• Multiple surface treatment
• Sand seal

Penetration macadam

• Small voids

* K1-60 may be used as a tack coat in special cases where night construction or high humidity exists.

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Application Conditions of Cationic Emulsion Bitumen K1-60

Emulsion Bitumen K1-60 cationic bitumen emulsion can be used at the ambient temperature at the spray rate of 0.25 to 0.70 liter per square meter (0.05 to 0.15 gallon per square yard).

This grade must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.

Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with a hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads.
Spray evenly to avoid pounding in hollows as this may cause localized “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

Preparation:

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

K1-60 Packing

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 is available in:

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-60 Specfications

No	Property	Result
1	Particle charge	Pos.
2	Residue on 710 um KS sieve (%)(m/m), maximum	0.05
3	Residue on 150 um KS sieve (g per 100 mL), maximum	0.15
4	Binder content (%)(m/m), minimum	57
5	Viscosity (degrees Engler (°E) at 20°C	6-9
6	Viscosity redwood No. II (s at 85°C)	–
7	Storage stability (long period test) % water content difference, maximum	2

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 Description

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 is cold applied, liquid bitumen emulsions, used in the construction and repair of pavements, driveways, roads, and highways. In accordance with these standards, This product is denoted by the prefix ‘K’ signifying a cationic emulsion. The ‘1’ signifies a rapid breaking type of emulsion, while the number to the right of the hyphen indicates the bitumen content. Therefore K1-40 denotes rapid break, cationic emulsion with 40% normal bitumen content.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 (rapid setting) road emulsion is an emulsified asphalt containing a minimum of 40% bitumen and 60% water. It is a low viscosity emulsion used mainly for tack coating. K1-40 cationic bitumen emulsion is made according to British standard BS 434 Part 1: 1984 Class K1-40.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 Applications

Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 is primarily used as a tack coat, to provide a bond between the existing surface
and overlays e.g hot rolled asphalt, macadam and slurry seals, or between courses in road construction.

It serves two purposes in this instance:-
1. Minimizing the risk of spillage between the two courses.
2. Ensuring that during the laying of the new overlay, pushing and sliding are reduced, resulting in improved compaction.

K1-40 is also used in mist spraying and concrete curing operations.
K1-60, because of its higher bitumen content, is generally used for surface dressing, patching, retread, and other similar applications.

Treatments and seals:

• Tack coat
• Single surface treatment
• Multiple surface treatment
• Sand seal

Tack coating & Fog sealing Tack coating Surface Dressing & Semi Grouting (Penetration Macadam) Prime coating & Slurry Sealing.
Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use and can be applied in a wider range of conditions.

Application Conditions of Cationic Emulsion Bitumen K1-40

Tack Coat K1-40 cationic bitumen emulsion can be used at the ambient temperature at the spray rate of 0.25 to 0.70 liter per square meter (0.05 to 0.15 gallon per square yard).
This grade must only be applied in dry, frost-free conditions which will remain throughout the film drying period. Temperatures of between 5°C and 35°C should prevail.
Before application drums should be well rolled to agitate contents before use. Cationic emulsions should be applied by brushing with a hand broom or squeegee. Spread in one direction only and avoid scrubbing often. It is more practical to apply by spray as this provides uniform distribution and even film. Spray equipment should conform to BS3136: Specification for Cold Emulsion Spraying Machines for Roads.
Spray evenly to avoid ponding in hollows as this may cause localized “fatting up” of the subsequent courses.

Preparation

All surfaces must be dry and free from dust, oil, grease, fuel spillage, mud, leaves, etc. In hot weather, it may be advisable to dampen the surface with water in order to retard the loss of water from the emulsion as it cures and to ensure better wetting of the surface by the emulsion. It is essential that the surface is free of standing water prior to and during application.

K1-40 Packing

K1-40 is available in:

• Bulk as IBC Tank, Flexi Tank
• Reconditioned steel drums 200 lit.
• New steel drums 200 lit.

Bitumen Emulsion K1-40 Specifications

No	Property	Test Method	Min	Max
1	Saybolt fural viscosity @ 25?C sec	ASTM D224	—	25
2	Storage Stability (24 hours) %	ASTM D224	—	1
3	Sieve Test (%)	ASTM D224	—	0.1
4	Particle Charge Test	ASTM D224	Positive	—
5	Solubility in Trichloroethylene (% Mass)	ASTM D2042	97.5	—
6	Residue from distillation	ASTM D224	37	—
7	Penetration @ 25?C, 100g, 5sec	ASTM D5	60	200

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-2

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-2 Description

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-2 is a cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsion CRS-2 is usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone, or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of the emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.

Cationic bitumen emulsions CRS-2 have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck. After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen Emulsion CRS-2 Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparison with the cutback and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CMS-2h applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal, micro-surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
the hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume.

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of an emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone, and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing (CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2, HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

Bitumen Emulsion CRS2 Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
•Because of the low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot-applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold-applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger ( for fire )
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as an anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends the application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
• Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-2 does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.s application.

CRS-2 Packing

Packing of bitumen emulsion CRS-2 is in a new thick steel drum on a pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Cationic bitumen emulsion CRS-2 Specifications

Emulsion Type: Rapid-Setting
Grade: CRS-2
Standard: ASTM D 2397M – 13

Property	min	max	Test method
Test on emulsions
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 50 °C, SFS	40	450	ASTM D244
Storage stability test, 24-h, %	–	1	ASTM D6930
Coating ability and water resistance:
Coating, dry aggregate	Good		ASTM D244
Coating, after spraying	Fair		ASTM D244
Coating, wet aggregate	Fair		ASTM D244
Coating, after spraying	Fair		ASTM D244
Particle charge test	Positive		ASTM D244
Sieve test, %	–	0.1	ASTM D6933
Distillation:
Oil distillate, by volume of emulsion, %	–	12	ASTM D6997
Residue, %	65	–	ASTM D244
Tests on residue from distillation test:
Penetration, 25°C (77°F), 100 g, 5 s	40	90	ASTM D5
Ductility, 25°C (77°F), 5 cm/min, cm	40	–	ASTM D113
Solubility in trichloroethylene, %	97.5	–	ASTM D2042

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-1

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-1 Description

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CRS-1 is a cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsion CRS-1 is usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone, or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of the emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.

Cationic bitumen emulsions CRS-1 have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck. After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen Emulsion CRS-1 Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparison with the cutback and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CRS-1 applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal, micro-surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.

the hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume.

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of an emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone, and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing (CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2, HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

CRS-1 Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
•Because of the low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot-applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold-applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger ( for fire )
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as an anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends the application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
• Bitumen Emulsion does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.s application.

CRS-1 Packing

Packing of bitumen emulsion CSS-1 is in a new thick steel drum on a pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Cationic bitumen emulsion CRS-1 Characteristics

Emulsion Type: Rapid-Setting
Grade: CRS-1
Standard: ASTM D 2397M – 13

Properties	Min	Max	Test Method
Test on Emulsions
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25 °C, SFS	20	100	ASTM D244
Storage stability test, 24-h, %	–	1	ASTM D6930
Demulsibility, 35 mL, 0.8 % dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, %	40	–	ASTM D6936
Coating ability and water resistance:
Particle charge test	Positive		ASTM D244
Sieve test, %	–	0.1	ASTM D6933
Distillation :
Oil distillate, by volume of emulsion, %	–	3	ASTM D6997
Residue, %	60	–	ASTM D244
Tests on residue from distillation test:
Penetration, 25°C (77°F), 100 g, 5 s	100	250	ASTM D5
Ductility, 25°C (77°F), 5 cm/min, cm	40	–	ASTM D113
Solubility in trichloroethylene, %	97.5	–	ASTM D2042

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h Definition

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h  is a cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsions CSS-1h are usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone, or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of the emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase. by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.

Cationic bitumen emulsions CSS-1h have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck. After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h ASTM is designed for use in slurry seals and for cold storable mixtures for patching. They are designed for soil stabilization and also suitable for use with cold recycling. These emulsions are tailor-made as per the quality of aggregates and local site conditions.

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CSS-1h Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparison with cutback and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CSS-1h applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal, micro-surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume.

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of an emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone, and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing (CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2, HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

CSS-1h Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
•Because of the low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot-applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold-applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger ( for fire )
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as an anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends the application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
• Bitumen Emulsion does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.

CSS-1h Packing

Packing of bitumen emulsion CSS-1h is in a new thick steel drum on a pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Cationic Bitumen emulsion CSS-1h Specification

Emulsion Type: Slow-Setting
Grade: CSS-1h
Standard: ASTM D 2397M – 13

Properties	Min	Max	Test Method
Test on Emulsions
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25 °C, SFS	20	100	ASTM D244
Storage stability test, 24-h, %	–	1	ASTM D6930
Particle charge test	positive	ASTM D244
Sieve test, %	–	0.1	ASTM D6933
Cement mixing test, %		2.0	ASTM D6935
Distillation:
Residue, %	57	–	ASTM D244
Tests on residue from distillation test:
Penetration, 25°C (77°F), 100 g, 5 s	40	90	ASTM D5
Ductility, 25°C (77°F), 5 cm/min, cm	40	–	ASTM D113
Solubility in trichloroethylene, %	97.5	–	ASTM D2042

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h

Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h Description

Cationic bitumen emulsions CMS-2h have a positive charge and hence a direct and very rapid reaction between the emulsion and aggregate or pavement is possible. The size of the charge or the Zeta potential affects stability, the larger the charge the greater the repulsion, but as the aggregate is negatively charged the higher the zeta potential the more rapid the reaction.
So it is possible to stabilize a cationic emulsion in the same way that makes it a more rapid break. The other mechanism of evaporation is available too but as the emulsion is stabilized this form of break becomes slower. Thus a balance must be struck. After the electrostatic part of the reaction is complete the emulsion will rely on flocculation and coalescence to complete break.
After the break is completed the water must still be completely evaporated for the residual Asphalt to achieve full strength.

Bitumen emulsion consists of three basic ingredients: bitumen, water, and an emulsifying agent. Based on specifications it may contain other additives, such as stabilizers, coating improvers, anti-strips, or break control agents. It is well known that water and asphalt will not mix, except under carefully controlled conditions using highly specialized equipment and chemical additives.
Cationic Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h is a cationic emulsion. Bitumen emulsion CMS-2h is usually made by passing the mixture of hot bitumen and water phase between a rotating disc, cone, or wheel and a stator. In the emulsification process, the hot binder is mechanically separated into minute globules and dispersed in water treated with a small quantity of the emulsifying agent. The water is called the continuous phase and the globules of the binder are called the discontinuous phase by proper selection of an emulsifying agent and other manufacturing controls.

Bitumen Emulsion CMS-2h Applications

Cationic emulsions may be used at ambient temperatures with aggregates, which need not be completely dry. Emulsions are less hazardous to use in comparison with the cutback and can be applied in a wider range of conditions. Most CMS-2h applications are listed below:

• Biturubber (Rubber)
• Bitumalch (Malching)
• Prepared cold Mixed Asphalt
• Bituprime (Prime Coat)
• Bitucoat (Fog Seal – Seal Coat)

Successful performance of bitumen emulsions requires selecting the proper type and grade for the intended use. Guidelines presented in this chapter should help select the specific grade and type of emulsion to be used.
The first consideration in picking the right type and grade of the emulsion is how the emulsion will be used. Is it for a planned mix (central or mixed-in-place), a recycled mix, or a prime coat application? Is it for some type of surface application, such as a fog seal, slurry seal, micro-surfacing, or chip seal? Is it for a maintenance mix? Once this decision is made, other project variables must then be considered. Some other factors that affect the selection are:

• Climatic conditions anticipated during construction. The choice of emulsion grade, the design of mix or treatment, and the selection of construction equipment should be dictated by the conditions at the time of construction.
• Aggregate type, gradation, and availability.
• Contractor or construction equipment availability.
• Geographical location. The hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.

the hauling distance and, in some cases, water availability are important considerations.
• Traffic control. Can traffic be detoured or only controlled through the work area?
• Environmental considerations.
• Proper application for pavement preservation or pavement distresses.
• Traffic type and volume.

While general guidelines can be given for selecting emulsions, laboratory testing is strongly recommended. There is no substitute for laboratory evaluation of the emulsion and the aggregate to be used. Different types and quantities of an emulsion should be tried with the aggregate to find the best combination for the intended use. An experienced technician can determine the type and grade of the emulsion to be used.
Cationic emulsions are preferred for use with negatively charged siliceous aggregates such as quartz, granite, sandstone, and river gravel. In general, Cationic emulsions can be used with a wider range of aggregates, will tolerate greater quantities of moisture, and will break at a lower ambient temperature. The main application areas of Emulsion bitumen are surface dressing, tack coats, prime coat, slurry seal, and cold mixing.

Dust control (SS-1, CS-1, CRS-1)
Tack coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CRS-1)
Prime coat (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Fog seal (SS-1, CSS-1, MS-1-CMS-2, CRS-1)
Penetration prime (SS-1)
Cold mix asphalt, Mulching, Asphalt Sealers (CSS-1)
Chip seal, single, or multiple treatments (RS-1, RS-2, HFMS-1, HFMS-2, HFRS-2, CRS-2, and CRS-2P)
Sand seal (SS-1, SS-1h, CSS-1, CSS-1h, CMS-2s, CRS-1, CRS-2)
Slurry seal (SS-1h, CSS-1h, CSS-1Hp)
Sandwich seal, cape seal, chip seal (CR-2)
Micro surfacing (CQS-1h)
Structural and surface plant mixture (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, CSS-1, CSS-1h,)
Stockpiled patching mixture (HFMS-2s, CMS-2s)
In-place road mixing (SS-1, SS-1h, HFMS-2s, HFMS-2, HFMS-2h CMS-2, CMS-2h, CSS-1, CSS-1h)
Crack filler, joint coating (RS-2, HFMS-2h, MS-2, CMS-2h, CRS-2P)
Asphalt sealers, Immediate Maintenance, Stockpile Maintenance Mixes (CMS-2)
Immediate Maintenance (CM2, CM2h)

CMS-2h Advantages

• No petroleum solvent required to liquefy
• Little or no hydrocarbon emissions
•Because of the low viscosity of the Emulsion as compared to hot-applied Bitumen, The Emulsion has good penetration and spreading capacity.
• In most cases, used with no additional heat. It does not need any pre-heating. Thus results in the case of handling for the user, besides saving in cost.
• The ability to coat damp aggregate
• Can use cold materials at remote sites. Cold application of Bitumen Emulsion ensures safety to the workforce; it is a user-friendly product. Being cold-applied the work progresses much faster.
• Wide variety of emulsion types available today
• Economical
• Free from danger ( for fire )
• Environmental
• Harmless for worker health.
• It can use with moisture aggregates. It can be used even with wet aggregates thus enabling users to carry out work during the monsoon also.
• Application temperature is low and does not need heating while storage and transportation period. For this reason, it provides energy saving.
• Emulgators increase adhesion they effect as an anti-stripping agent
• It can use in four seasons. Especially it gives a chance application in the rainy region and it extends the application period.
• It has a lot of application area and construction methods.
• Bitumen Emulsion does not require petroleum solvent to make them liquid as in cut back and also it is not required to be heated like normal Bitumen. Thus saving imported petroleum oil or firewood.
• Toxic fumes (Hydrocarbon emission) normally emitted from heated bitumen & cutbacks not present when Cationic Bitumen Emulsion is used, as no heating is required for its application.
• Energy saving & control of pollution & safety:
During the last 10-12 yrs., the country was in the quest for alternatives to Hot Mixing technology especially to save our beleaguered environment besides curbing the use of Imported petroleum oil, and our precious forests supplying firewood. Optimum use of Bitumen-emulsions can preserve Petroleum Oil and in turn, save our Environment and Foreign Exchange.s application.

CMS-2h Packing

Packing of bitumen emulsion CSS-1 is in a new thick steel drum on a pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Cationic bitumen emulsion CMS-2h Specifications

Emulsion Type: Medium-Setting
Grade: CMS-2h
Standard: ASTM D 2397M – 13

Property	min	max	Test method
Test on emulsions
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 50 °C, SFS	40	450	ASTM D244
Storage stability test, 24-h, %	–	1	ASTM D6930
Coating ability and water resistance:
Coating, dry aggregate	Good		ASTM D244
Coating, after spraying	Fair		ASTM D244
Coating, wet aggregate	Fair		ASTM D244
Coating, after spraying	Fair		ASTM D244
Particle charge test	Positive		ASTM D244
Sieve test, %	–	0.1	ASTM D6933
Distillation:
Oil distillate, by volume of emulsion, %	–	12	ASTM D6997
Residue, %	65	–	ASTM D244
Tests on residue from distillation test:
Penetration, 25°C (77°F), 100 g, 5 s	40	90	ASTM D5
Ductility, 25°C (77°F), 5 cm/min, cm	40	–	ASTM D113
Solubility in trichloroethylene, %	97.5	–	ASTM D2042

Anionic Bitumen Emulsion HFMS-1

Anionic Bitumen Emulsion HFMS-1 Description

Anionic Bitumen Emulsion HFMS-1 has a negative charge, most of the things in the world are Anionic and that is why the majority of Research and Development, formulating, and lab testing has been done in the Industrial Coatings Industry to make coatings from Anionic systems. When an Anionic emulsion is mixed with a Cationic emulsion a strong bond develops and the result is the changing of the substance to a solid. This result is not ideal to be used as a coating because it cannot be applied to substrates.

For anionic and emulsions, there are several grades of different breaking characteristics. Rapid-setting emulsions are used for surface dressing, while medium or slow-setting emulsions are used for ‘mixtures’, that is mixed with aggregate either in concrete-type mixers or in situ. Rapid-setting emulsions are not used for mixtures because they would tend to set during the mixing process and clog the mixer. Generally, in making mixtures, the finer the aggregate used, the slower setting the emulsion that has to be used. Therefore, stone mixtures require medium-setting emulsions and sand mixtures require a slow-breaking emulsion. With anionic emulsions, the breaking process is predominantly by evaporation of the water in the emulsion continuous phase. Because of this, anionic emulsions are susceptible to temperature and humidity in terms of their breaking properties.

Anionic Bitumen Emulsion HFMS-1 Apllications

Anionic Slow Setting Bitumen Emulsion is the cold/non-fibered liquid applied waterproofing bitumen emulsion. The product is made using a process in which the bitumen, special emulsifier, water, and other additive have been gone through a high shear rate colloid mill and the properties of bitumen have a direct effect on the emulsion specification. This product has been specifically developed to provide waterproofing and building application, concrete, and metal surface. The high flash point and the low solvent content make HFMS-1 an easy to use and a safe product. HFMS-1 can be applied by using a painting brush, squeegee, airless spray, and roller.

Packing of Bitumen Emulsion HFMS1

Packing of anionic bitumen emulsion HFMS-1 is in the new thick steel drum on the pallet to prevent any leak inside of container also bulk in bitutainer and tanker.

Specification of Bitumen Emulsion HFMS1

PROPETRY	MIN	MAX	TEST METHOD
Viscosity, Saybolt Furol at 25 °C, SFS	20	100	ASTM D244
Storage stability, 24h (%)	—	1	ASTM D6930
Particle charge test	Minus		ASTM D6936
Sieve (%)	—	0.1	ASTM D6933
Residue by distillation (%)	55	—	ASTM D244
Residue penetration, 25 °C	100	200	ASTM D5
Residue ductility, 25 °C, 5cm/min (cm)	40	—	ASTM D113
Solubility in trichloroethylene %	97.5	—	ASTM D2042
Float of residue. 60 °C (s)	1200		ASTM D139